Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory |
Positive Ions |
|
---|---|
Atomic and molecular | O+, O2+, O4+, N+, N2+, NO+ |
NO+ clusters | NO+(N2), NO+(CO2), NO+(H2O), NO+(H2O)2, NO+(H2O)3, NO+(H2O)(N2), NO+(H2O)(CO2), NO+(H2O)2(N2), NO+(H2O)2(CO2) |
H+ and H3O+ clusters | H3O+(OH), H+(H2O), H+(H2O)2, H+(H2O)3, H+(H2O)4, H+(H2O)5, H+(H2O)6, H+(H2O)7, H+(H2O)8, H+(H2O)2(CO2), H+(H2O)2N2, H+(H2O)CO2, H+(H2O)N2, H3O+(OH)H2O, H3O+(OH)CO2 |
O2+ clusters | O2+(H2O), O2+N2, O2+CO2, O2+(H2O)N2, O2+(H2O)CO2, O2+(H2O)2 |
Negative Ions |
|
Atomic and molecular | O-, O2-, O3-, O4-, OH-, CO3-, CO4-, NO2-, NO3-, NO3-(*), HCO3-, Cl-, ClO- |
Clusters | O2-(H2O), OH-(H2O), O3-(H2O), NO3-(H2O), CO3-(H2O), Cl-(H2O), NO2-(H20), NO3-(H20)2, NO3-(HNO3), NO3-(HNO3)2, O-(H2O), O2-(H2O)2, Cl-(CO2), Cl-(HCl), NO3-(HCl), CO3-(H2O)2 |
Neutrals | |
Neutrals | N2, O2, O, Ar, He, NO, O2(1Dg), H2O, N, H, CO2, O3, OH, NO2, HO2, NO3, HNO2, CO3, H2, HCl, HNO3, Cl, ClO, CH4, CH3, O(1D), N2O, N(2D), H2O2, CO, CH2O, N2O5 |
The major neutral species are kept fixed with concentrations given by a combination of sources, such as the MSISE-90 model (Hedin, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, pp. 1159-1172, 1991) and the work by Shimazaki (Minor Constituents in the Middle Atmosphere, Developments in Earth and Planetary Physics, no. 6, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1984). Selected minor species are, however, treated as variables in the modelling.
For the ionospheric D region, a typical set of modelled neutrals is: O, NO, N, H, O3, OH, NO2, HO2, NO3